Minor planets have similar criteria dwarf planets, but they don't have to have names, and they don't need to be round. Before dwarf planets were a thing, minor planets were actually considered planets, and it's what we classified Pluto and Ceres as. Examples include:
A satellite is anything that in space that orbits a planet. Note that the sun is not a planet, meaning our planets are not satellites. Examples include:
Asteroids are rocks in space that orbit a star. They're actually considered minor planets, but aren't considered dwarf planets because they're not round enough. Asteroids also get their name from the Greek word for star-like.
Comets are objects in space that typically orbit the sun and let out a trail of gas behind them.
Trans-Neptunian objects are objects that orbit our Sun, but that are further from it than Neptune. Examples include: